The sanctions may be economic such as a trade embargo against a country threatening the peace , diplomatic such as severance of diplomatic relations or military the use of armed force to maintain or restore international peace and security. A trade embargo may be comprehensive designed to halt all inward and outward-bound trade except for humanitarian items or selective for example, an embargo only on trade in goods having military uses.
Trade and diplomatic sanctions are slow to work. Moreover, their burden often falls most heavily on the segment of the sanctioned population-ordinary civilians-that is least able to influence the government's behavior. Nevertheless, as the economic sanctions against Serbia have recently demonstrated, they can influence political leaders toward moderation if the sanctions are given time to have some bite.
Of course, the more such leaders are subject in their domestic politics to the wishes of a broad-based electorate, the more likely they are to respond to these sanctions. The more insulated they are from their own people, the more insulated they are from the sanctions.
Security Council sanctions involving armed force have never been used in quite the form contemplated by the UN Charter. As drafted in , it set out a system by which member states would agree to hold armed forces and facilities ready to respond to the call of the Security Council. If the Council decided to use armed force, it would call on those forces in accordance with the agreements. No such agreements have ever been entered into. Thus, when the Security Council has authorized the use of armed force to counter an act of aggression-as in Korea and the Persian Gulf-it has simply authorized member states to "use all necessary means to restore international peace and security.
The Security Council's enforcement powers are troublesome to many UN member states because the Council is not regarded as an adequately representative body. Its five permanent, unelected members-China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States-can veto any substantive measure.
One of them-the United States-has dominated the Council in recent years. To the extent that law enforcement finds its legitimacy in democratic institutions, the Security Council is vulnerable to criticism. This, of course, is not so much a question of the effectiveness of international sanctions as it is a question of the legitimacy of the institutions that administer them.
Yet the two questions are interrelated. Chapter VII sanctions are intended only for situations that are out of hand or threaten to be so. Situations of that kind are the most difficult for any law enforcement system-domestic or international-to handle. To take a domestic analogy, municipal law enforcement officers are hard pressed to prevent riots or bring them to a quick end, once the spark has been lit.
It is little wonder that the Security Council, made up of members with often-conflicting political agendas, usually cannot effectively use its sanctioning powers to prevent wars or to stop them quickly. DOJ may seek changes in the policies and procedures of the agency to remedy violations of these laws and, if appropriate, also seek individual remedial relief for the victim s. Individuals also have a private right of action in certain circumstances under Title VI and under the OJP Program Statute; in other words, you may file a lawsuit yourself under these laws.
These laws protect all people with disabilities in the United States. An individual is considered to have a "disability" if he or she has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, has a record of such an impairment, or is regarded as having such an impairment.
The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in all State and local government programs, services, and activities regardless of whether they receive DOJ financial assistance; it also protects people who are discriminated against because of their association with a person with a disability. Section prohibits discrimination by State and local law enforcement agencies that receive financial assistance from DOJ. Section also prohibits discrimination in programs and activities conducted by Federal agencies, including law enforcement agencies.
These laws prohibit discriminatory treatment, including misconduct, on the basis of disability in virtually all law enforcement services and activities. These activities include, among others, interrogating witnesses, providing emergency services, enforcing laws, addressing citizen complaints, and arresting, booking, and holding suspects.
These laws also prohibit retaliation for filing a complaint with DOJ or participating in the investigation. If appropriate, DOJ may seek individual relief for the victim s , in addition to changes in the policies and procedures of the law enforcement agency.
Individuals have a private right of action under both the ADA and Section ; you may file a private lawsuit for violations of these statutes.
There is no requirement that you exhaust your administrative remedies by filing a complaint with DOJ first. If you would like to file a complaint alleging a violation of the criminal laws discussed above, you may contact the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI , which is responsible for investigating allegations of criminal deprivations of civil rights.
How do I file a complaint about the conduct of a law enforcement officer from a Federal agency? If you believe that you are a victim of criminal misconduct by a Federal law enforcement officer such as Immigration and Customs Enforcement; the FBI; Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; Drug Enforcement Agency, United States Marshals Service, or the Border Patrol , you should follow the procedures discussed above concerning how to file a complaint alleging violations of the criminal laws we enforce.
If you believe that you have been subjected by a Federal law enforcement officer to the type of misconduct discussed above concerning "Federal Civil Enforcement," visit civilrights.
Law Enforcement Code of Ethics. Who Enforces the Law When referring to enforcing a law, people are usually speaking of the police. How the Law is Enforced The police are authorized to use appropriate force when encountering a person breaking the law. Purpose of Law Enforcement The necessity for law enforcement comes from creating the law in the first place, which seeks to establish a set of stipulated rules for society to function without crime and chaos.
Alternatively, an undertaking - in essence a written promise - which will establish future conduct in respect of a particular practice, may be voluntarily given by a party under investigation. Further, an information letter may be provided in cases where the facts demonstrate a possible contravention of the Act and the alleged wrongdoer is unaware of the relevant statutory provisions. Due to the large volume of complaints received each year, the Commissioner has established a system for the selection of cases that best meet the objectives of the legislation.
In prioritizing enforcement activity, the Commissioner reviews matters in relation to the following criteria: economic impact, the Bureau's enforcement policies and priorities, and the financial and human resources required to pursue a specific matter.
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